Medication abortion during the COVID-19 pandemic in France: A research based on the French national health insurance database.

OBJECTIVES: During the COVID-19 pandemic in France, abortion was recognized as an essential service that cannot be delayed, and such care was therefore presumed to be maintained. The aim is to analyze the changes in the practice of abortion in 2020 to identify the consequences of the two lockdowns and the effects of the extension of the legal time limit. METHODS: We analyzed the data collected by the French national health insurance system, which covers 99% of the population. All women who had an elective abortion, either surgical or with medication, in France in 2019 and 2020 were included in the study. Trend changes in abortions were analyzed by comparing the ratio of the weekly number of abortions in 2020 with the weekly number in 2019. RESULTS: Both 2020 lockdowns were followed by a drop in abortions, particularly after the first and stricter lockdown. This may be explained not by an abrupt shutdown of access to abortion services, but rather by a decrease in conceptions during the lockdown weeks. The decrease was more marked for surgical abortions than for medication abortions in a hospital setting, and less so for medication abortions in non-hospital settings. Moreover, the proportion of the latter type of abortions continued to increase, showing the reinforcement of a previous trend. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that expanding the legal time limit for abortion, diversifying the settings where abortions can be performed and the range of abortion providers help to facilitate access to this fundamental reproductive care.

Interrupciones voluntarias del embarazo recurrentes. Estudio de prevalencia y exploración de factores asociados. Antioquia, Colombia, 2015 - 2021 / Recurrent voluntary termination of pregnancy. Prevalence study and exploration of associated factors. Antioquia, Colombia, 2015 ­ 2021

Objetivos: Describir la prevalencia de las interrupciones voluntarias del embarazo (IVE) recurrentes y efectuar una exploración de los factores asociados a esta. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte trasversal descriptivo, en el que se incluyeron mujeres atendidas entre 2015 y 2021 en cinco sedes, en el Departamento de Antioquia, de una Institución que promueve la atención en salud sexual y reproductiva (SSR) en Colombia. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, de SSR, así como la realización de IVE recurrente, tipo de procedimiento utilizado en la primera IVE, y método de anticoncepción elegido posterior a esta. Se presenta la prevalencia de período de aborto recurrente global y por año. Se hace exploración de los factores asociados por medio de análisis multivariado. Se obtuvo aval del comité de investigación de la institución. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 20.423 mujeres. La prevalencia de IVE recurrente fue del 4,07 % (n = 831) en todo el período, y varió del 2,3 al 6 % en los 6 años. El método más utilizado para la IVE recurrente fue inducción farmacológica (48,50 %). Después de la primera IVE, el 69,81 % de las mujeres utilizó métodos anticonceptivos clasificados como "muy efectivos", según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se identificaron como factores de riesgo de la IVE recurrente pertenecer al régimen de aseguramiento subsidiado por el Estado (Odds ratio ajustado (ORa) = 1,35; IC 95 %: 1,05-1,72) y haber tenido dos o más gestaciones (ORa = 1,23; IC 95 %: 1,06 - 1,44). Como factores protectores se identificaron: contratación del servicio de IVE bajo modalidad de pago de bolsillo (ORa = 0,71; IC 95 %: 0,61-0,82), el antecedente de IVE tardía (ORa = 0,30; IC 95 %: 0,11-0,81), y la elección del implante subdérmico posterior al primer aborto primer aborto como (ORa =0,64; IC 95 %: 0,49 - 0,83). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de IVE recurrente posiblemente está incrementando. Se requieren estudios prospectivos que evalúen si existe una tendencia al incremento y que verifiquen posibles hipótesis de asociación que surgen de este trabajo.

Objectives: To describe the prevalence of recurrent voluntary termination of pregnancy (VTP) and to explore associated factors. Material and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional cohort study which included women seen between 2015 and 2021 in five sites of an institution located in the Department of Antioquia which promotes sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care in Colombia. Measured variables included sociodemographics, SRH, recurrent performance of VTP, type of procedure used in the first VTP and contraception method selected afterwards. The prevalence of global and yearly recurrent abortion period is presented. Associated factors were explored using a multivariate analysis. The research committee of the institution approved the study. Results: In total, 20,423 women were included. The prevalence of recurrent VTP was 4.07 % (n = 831) during the entire period, ranging between 2.3 and 6 % over the 7 years. The most commonly used method for recurrent VTP was pharmacological induction (48.50 %). After the first VTP, 69.81 % of women used contraceptive methods classified as "very effective" according to the World Health Organization. The risk factors identified as being associated with recurrent VTP included being part of the state-subsidized health insurance system (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.35; 95 % CI:1.05-1.72) and having had two or more pregnancies (aOR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.06 - 1.44). Protective factors were identified and included out-of-pocket payment for VTP service (aOR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.61-0.82), a history of late VTP (aOR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.11-0.81), and the selection of a subdermal implant for contraception following the first abortion (sOR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.49 - 0.83). Conclusions: It is possible that the prevalence of recurrent VTP is increasing. Prospective studies are required in order to determine whether there is a growing trend and to verify potential association hypotheses derived from this work.

Cancer and Pregnancy in the Post-Roe v. Wade Era: A Comprehensive Review.

Cancer during pregnancy, affecting 1 in 1000 pregnancies, is rising in incidence due to delayed childbearing and improved detection. Common types include breast cancer, melanoma and cervical cancer and Hodgkin's Lymphoma. There are several physiological changes that occur during pregnancy that make its management a challenge to clinicians. Managing it requires multidisciplinary approaches and cautious test interpretation due to overlapping symptoms. To minimize fetal radiation exposure, non-ionizing imaging is preferred, and the interpretation of tumor markers is challenging due to inflammation and pregnancy effects. In terms of treatment, chemotherapy is avoided in the first trimester but may be considered later. Immunotherapy's safety is under investigation, and surgery depends on gestational age and cancer type. Ethical and legal concerns are growing, especially with changes in U.S. abortion laws. Access to abortion for medical reasons is vital for pregnant cancer patients needing urgent treatment. Maternal outcomes may depend on the type of cancer as well as chemotherapy received but, in general, they are similar to the non-pregnant population. Fetal outcomes are usually the same as the general population with treatment exposure from the second trimester onwards. Fertility preservation may be an important component of the treatment discussion depending on the patient's wishes, age and type of treatment. This article addresses the complicated nature of a diagnosis of cancer in pregnancy, touching upon the known medical literature as well as the ethical-legal implications of such a diagnosis, whose importance has increased in the light of recent judicial developments.

Permanent Sterilization in Nulliparous Patients: Is Legislative Anxiety an Indication for Surgery?

AbstractThe Supreme Court's Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization decision, first leaked to the public on 2 May 2022 and officially released on 24 June 2022, overturned Roe v. Wade and thereby determined that abortion is no longer a federally protected right under the Constitution. Instead, the decision gives individual states the right to regulate abortion. Since the Dobbs decision first leaked, our institution has received numerous requests for permanent contraception from individuals stating that their motivation to pursue permanent contraception was influenced by the Dobbs decision and concerns about their reproductive autonomy. Discussions with patients seeking permanent contraception since the Supreme Court's leaked decision have led us to ask ourselves, is legislative anxiety an indication for surgery? This article presents a case series consisting of a convenience sample of 17 young, nulliparous individuals who sought out permanent contraception in the six months following the leak of the Dobbs decision. Healthcare professionals often feel discomfort in offering permanent contraception to young and nulliparous individuals. Accordingly, we discuss pertinent legal issues, review relevant ethical considerations, and offer a framework for these discussions intended to empower the consulting healthcare professional to center the bodily autonomy of every patient regardless of age, parity, or indication for permanent contraception.

Abortion Bans and Resource Utilization for Congenital Heart Disease: A Decision Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the implications of potential national abortion ban scenarios on the incidence of neonatal single-ventricle cardiac defects. METHODS: A decision tree model was developed to predict the incidence of neonatal single-ventricle cardiac defects and related outcomes in the United States under four theoretical national abortion bans: 1) abortion restrictions in existence immediately before the June 2022 Dobbs v Jackson Women's Health Organization Supreme Court decision, 2) 20 weeks of gestation, 3) 13 weeks of gestation, and 4) a complete abortion ban. The model included incidence of live births of neonates with single-ventricle cardiac defects, neonatal heart surgery (including heart transplant and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO]), and neonatal death. Cohort size was based on national pregnancy incidence and different algorithm decision point probabilities were aggregated from the existing literature. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted with 10,000 iterations per model. RESULTS: In the scenario before the Dobbs decision, an estimated 6,369,000 annual pregnancies in the United States resulted in 1,006 annual cases of single-ventricle cardiac defects. Under a complete abortion ban, the model predicted a 53.7% increase in single-ventricle cardiac defects, or an additional 9 cases per 100,000 live births. This increase would result in an additional 531 neonatal heart surgeries, 16 heart transplants, 77 ECMO utilizations, and 102 neonatal deaths annually. More restrictive gestational age-based bans are predicted to confer increases in cases of neonatal single-ventricle cardiac defects and related adverse outcomes as well. CONCLUSION: Universal abortion bans are estimated to increase the incidence of neonatal single-ventricle cardiac defects, associated morbidity, and resource utilization. States considering limiting abortion should consider the implications on the resources required to care for increasing number of children that will be born with significant and complex medical needs, including those with congenital heart disease.

COVID-19 and abortion in the Ohio River Valley: A case study of Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia.

INTRODUCTION: During early stages of COVID-19 in the United States, government representatives in Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia restricted or threatened to restrict abortion care under elective surgery bans. We examined how abortion utilization changed in these states. METHODOLOGY: We examined COVID-19 abortion-related state policies implemented in March and April 2020 using publicly available sources. We analyzed data on abortions by method and gestation and experiences of facility staff, using a survey of 14 facilities. We assessed abortions that took place in February-June 2020 and February-June 2021. RESULTS: In February-June 2020 the monthly average abortion count was 1916; 863 (45%) were medication abortions and 229 (12%) were ≥14 weeks gestation. Of 1959 abortions performed across all three states in April 2020, 1319 (67%) were medication abortions and 231 (12%) were ≥14 weeks gestation. The shift toward medication abortion that took place in April 2020 was not observed in April 2021. Although the total abortion count in the three-state region remained steady, West Virginia had the greatest decline in total abortions, Ohio experienced a shift from instrumentation to medication abortions, and Kentucky saw little change. Staff reported increased stress from concerns over health and safety and increased scrutiny by the state and anti-abortion protesters. DISCUSSION: Although abortion provision continued in this region, policy changes restricting abortion in Ohio and West Virginia resulted in a decrease in first trimester instrumentation abortions, an overall shift toward medication abortion care, and an increase in stress among facility staff during the early phase of COVID-19.

Descripción de las personas gestantes afiliadas a OSEP que solicitan una interrupción del embarazo / Description of pregnant people affiliated to osep who request a pregnancy interruption

En 2021 entró en vigencia en Argentina la Ley N.º 27.610. El objetivo es describir características de afiliadas a OSEP que solicitaron interrupción del embarazo (SIE).Trabajo observacional descriptivo. Se analizaron las variables del 0800 del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación de todas las personas que SIE con OSEP, entre el 24/01 y 31/12/2021. Los datos fueron analizados con SPSS Statistics. Se utilizaron moda, mediana, porcentaje, tasa y el chi2. Se recibieron 427 SIE, se concretaron 330 (77,3%). Solicitaron ive: media 28,59 años. Modo 19 y 33 años. Concretaron ive: modo 22 años. 84,5% se realizó ambulatorio con misoprostol. De las SIE, 50,4% eran solteras, 43,4% trabajaba, 59,1% tenía secundario completo. Se desconoce 32,8%. De las SIE, 52,7% refirió haber estado utilizando MAC (54,2% preservativo; 37,4% anticonceptivos orales; 2,8% métodos "naturales"; 2,2% DIU). La mayor cantidad fue de zonas urbanas del Gran Mendoza. Sin embargo, se observan tasas elevadas en zonas rurales respecto de algunas zonas urbanas y más pobladas. Se observó progresión de SIE a lo largo del año. Un 11% después de SIE decidió continuar con el embarazo. Aparentemente ninguna de las variables tuvo relación con esa decisión. El MAC utilizado fue mayormente preservativo y anticonceptivos orales. Esto podría indicar falta de educación y poco acceso a métodos de larga duración. La problemática de interrupción es transversal. En base a los resultados de este trabajo, las personas sin pareja conviviente, ante un embarazo no planificado serían las que SIE. Ninguna otra variable parece actuar como determinante. Tampoco del paso de la solicitud a la interrupción efectiva o a la continuación del embarazo. Hay que aumentar la accesibilidad a MAC en zonas rurales (AU)

In 2021, Law No. 27610 entered into force in Argentina. The objective is to describe characteristics of people with OSEP who requested termination of pregnancy (PWRTP). Descriptive observational work. The variables of the 0800 of the Ministry of Health of Argentina of all the PWRTP with OSEP, between 01/24 and 12/31/2021, were analyzed. Data were analyzed with SPSS Statistics. Mode, median, percentage, rate and chi2 were used. PWRTP: 427 requests were received, 330 (77.3%) were completed. PWRTP: mean 28.59 years. Mode 19 and 33 years. People who had an abortion: mode 22 years. 84.5% were performed on an outpatient basis with misoprostol. 50.4% of the PWRTP were single, 43.4% worked, 59.1% had completed high school, 32.8% unknown, 52.7% reported having been using contraceptive methods (CM): 54.2% condoms; 37.4% oral contraceptives; 2.8% "natural" methods; 2.2% IUDs. The largest amount was from urban areas of Mendoza. However, high rates are observed in rural areas. A progression of the amount of PWRTP was observed throughout the year. 11% after requesting an abortion decided to continue with the pregnancy. Apparently none of the variables was related to that decision. The CM used were mostly condoms and oral contraceptives. This may indicate a lack of education and poor access to long-acting CM. The problem of interruption is transversal. People without a cohabiting partner, faced with an unplanned pregnancy, are the ones who RTP. No other variable seems to act as a determinant. Nor from the transition from the request to the effective interruption or continuation of the pregnancy. We must increase the accessibility to CM in rural areas (AU)

Uso de misoprostol em obstetrícia / Misoprostol use in obstetrics

PONTOS-CHAVE O misoprostol é um análogo da prostaglandina E1 (PGE1) que consta na Lista de Medicamentos Essenciais da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) desde 2005 O Brasil possui uma das regulações mais restritivas do mundo relacionadas ao uso do misoprostol, estabelecendo que o misoprostol tem uso hospitalar exclusivo, com controle especial, e venda, compra e propaganda proibidas por lei Atualmente, o misoprostol é a droga de referência para tratamento medicamentoso nos casos de aborto induzido, tanto no primeiro trimestre gestacional quanto em idades gestacionais mais avançadas O misoprostol é uma medicação efetiva para o preparo cervical e indução do parto O misoprostol é um medicamento essencial para o manejo da hemorragia pós-parto

Otolaryngologists and Reproductive Rights.

Our nation faces contentious questions regarding reproductive rights and access to abortion which have long been viewed as beyond the scope of otolaryngology. The broad implications of the recent Supreme Court ruling in Dobbs v Jackson Women's Health Organization (Jackson) impact all people who are, or can become, pregnant and their health care providers. The consequences for otolaryngologists are thus far-reaching and poorly understood. Here we describe how the post-Dobbs landscape is relevant to the practice of otolaryngology and offer suggestions for how otolaryngologists can best respond, prepare, and support their patients in this tenuous political landscape.

Severely Restricting Abortion Threatens Equitable Health Outcomes for People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Equitable access to abortion is a critical component of reproductive care. Women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States are disproportionately Black and will be disproportionately affected by abortion bans following the Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe v Wade. We argue that this decision is directly in conflict with the National HIV/AIDS Strategies and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's goals to eliminate perinatal HIV transmission.

The far-reaching impact of abortion bans: reproductive care and beyond.

On 24 June 2022, the US Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, a 49-year-old precedent that provided federal constitutional protection for abortions up to the point of foetal viability, returning jurisdiction to the individual states. Restrictions that came into effect automatically in several states, and are anticipated in others, will severely limit access to abortions in approximately half of the US. Even though every state allows for exceptions to the abortion bans, in some instances these exceptions can be used to preserve the health of a pregnant patient, while in other instances, only to preserve their life. The vague and confusing nature of the abortion ban exceptions threatens to compromise the standard of care for patients with pregnancy complications that are distinct from abortions, such as nonviable pregnancies, miscarriages, and ectopic pregnancies. Additionally, we envision challenges for the treatment of women with certain autoimmune conditions, pregnant cancer patients, and patients contemplating preimplantation genetic diagnosis as part of assisted reproductive technologies. The abortion ban exceptions will impact and interfere with the medical care of pregnant and non-pregnant patient populations alike and are poised to create a medical and public health crisis unlike any other one from the recent past.

Saúde mental e abortamento voluntário na audiência pública da ADPF442/STF / Mental health and voluntary abortion in the public hearing of ADPF442/STF / Salud mental y aborto voluntario en la audiencia pública del ADPF442/STF

O estudo teve como objetivo identificar os argumentos da estratégia de persuasão dos discursos apresentados na audiência pública sobre a Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental-ADPF 442, realizada em 2018, cujo propósito era discutir sobre a interrupção voluntária da gravidez até a 12ª semana. Para tal, foi realizada uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, analítico-descritiva e documental. O objeto de análise foi o registro da audiência, apresentado em vídeo, disponibilizado na plataforma digital YouTube, e em ata lavrada pelo STF, ambos de acesso público. A partir de uma análise do discurso, identificou-se os argumentos utilizados na estratégia de persuasão, que foram sistematizados em quatro categorias de argumentos para cada um dos dois grupos identificados: o grupo pró e o grupo contra a descriminalização do aborto. As três primeiras categorias, Saúde mental, Direito e Saúde pública, mesmo com diferenças na forma de apresentar o argumento, se repetem nos dois grupos. Todavia, a quarta categoria, Pressupostos, se diferenciou. No grupo pró descriminalização do aborto, apresentou-se como Pressupostos filosóficos e científicos, e no grupo contra, como Pressupostos morais. Por fim, a defesa da saúde mental das mulheres foi o principal argumento numa forma de humanizar o sofrimento vivido pelas que desejam abortar e não encontram o suporte do Estado para assegurar sua dignidade, cidadania e efetiva igualdade, garantidas constitucionalmente.(AU)

The study aimed to identify the arguments of the persuasion strategy of the speeches presented at the public hearing on the Action Against the Violation of Constitutional Fundamental Rights -ADPF 442, held in 2018, whose purpose was to discuss the voluntary interruption of pregnancy until the 12th week. To this end, a qualitative, analytical-descriptive, and documentary research was carried out. The object of analysis was the video recording of the hearing available on the YouTube platform, and in minutes drawn up by the STF, both of which are public. Based on a discourse analysis, the arguments used in the persuasion strategy were identified, which were systematized into four categories of arguments for each of the two identified groups: the group for and the group against the decriminalization of abortion. The first three categories, Mental Health, Law and Public Health, even with differences in the way of presenting the argument, are repeated in both groups. However, the fourth category, Assumptions, differed. In the group for the decriminalization of abortion, it was presented as Philosophical and Scientific Assumptions, whereas the group against, as Moral Assumptions. Finally, the defense of women's mental health was the main argument in a way of humanizing the suffering experienced by those who wish to have an abortion and do not find the support of the State to guarantee their dignity, citizenship, and effective equality, constitutionally guaranteed.(AU)

El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los argumentos de la estrategia de persuasión de los discursos presentados en la audiencia pública sobre el Argumento por Incumplimiento de un Percepto Fundamental -ADPF 442, realizada en 2018, con el objetivo de discutir la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo hasta la 12.ª semana. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una investigación cualitativa, analítico-descriptiva y documental. El objeto de análisis fue la grabación de la audiencia, que está disponible en la plataforma digital YouTube, y actas levantadas por el Supremo Tribunal Federal -STF, ambas de acceso público. A partir de un análisis del discurso se identificaron los argumentos utilizados en la estrategia de persuasión, los cuales se sistematizaron en cuatro categorías de argumentos para cada uno de los dos grupos identificados: el grupo pro y el grupo en contra de la despenalización del aborto. Las tres primeras categorías ("salud mental", "derecho" y "salud pública") aún con diferencias en la forma de presentar el argumento se repiten en ambos grupos. Pero difiere la cuarta categoría "supuestos". En el grupo a favor de la despenalización del aborto se presentó como "supuestos filosóficos y científicos", y en el grupo en contra, como "supuestos morales". Finalmente, la defensa de la salud mental de las mujeres fue el principal argumento en un intento por humanizar el sufrimiento que viven aquellas que desean abortar y no encuentran el apoyo del Estado para garantizar su dignidad, ciudadanía e igualdad efectiva, preconizadas por la Constitución.(AU)

Aborto, o direito maldito: uma análise sócio-histórica a partir da ADPF 442 / Abortion, the damn right: a socio-historical analysis from ADPF 442

Esta tese investiga os discursos hegemônicos em torno da "questão do aborto" no Brasil contemporâneo, a partir das 50 exposições realizadas na audiência pública sobre a Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) 442. Tal ação, ajuizada pelo Partido Socialismo e Liberdade em março de 2017, propõe a descriminalização do aborto induzido pela própria gestante ou com o seu consentimento, até a 12ª. semana de gravidez. A ADPF 442 deflagrou a convocação, pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), da referida audiência pública, realizada em agosto de 2018 e acompanhada presencialmente pela pesquisadora. O objetivo da pesquisa consiste em examinar a atual configuração das disputas travadas em torno da "questão do aborto" no Brasil, em uma perspectiva socio-histórica. Na primeira parte da tese, reconstituímos as dinâmicas de reprodução social e as políticas reprodutivas (inclusive, mas não apenas, aquelas relativas ao aborto) vigentes desde o período colonial até a democracia liberal contemporânea, através de um extenso levantamento historiográfico sobre o tema. Na segunda parte da tese, nos debruçamos sobre o conteúdo das exposições realizadas na audiência pública, utilizando o método da análise documental. O material empírico da pesquisa é composto pelo registro audiovisual e pela transcrição das exposições - ambos disponibilizados pelo STF. Dentre as 50 exposições, 33 foram favoráveis à ADPF, e 17, contrárias, havendo uma variação significativa na distribuição destas posições entre os quatro campos de enunciação e argumentação identificados, quais sejam: o da saúde, o do direito, o das religiões e o das organizações não governamentais, institutos e associações. Ao longo do processo analítico-interpretativo, buscamos apreender os sentidos e significados (patentes ou ocultos) dos discursos proferidos, nos quais a problemática do aborto aparece imbricada a questões atinentes às esferas da sexualidade, da contracepção, da maternidade, da família, da violência, dos valores morais, dos direitos, entre outras. Organizamos os resultados da análise documental em dois eixos. No primeiro, discutimos as diferentes maneiras como os atores políticos em cena enquadram a sua posição em relação à descriminalização do aborto em termos de uma batalha pela vida e contra a morte. Enquanto no campo favorável à ADPF esse embate entre morte e vida focaliza as condições concretas e desiguais sob as quais diferentes grupos de mulheres vivenciam a sexualidade e a reprodução, no campo contrário à ADPF a defesa da "inviolabilidade da vida desde a concepção" se dá de forma abstrata, como uma verdade autoevidente, incontestável e universal, completamente alheia aos percursos que levam a uma gravidez imprevista e aos dilemas enfrentados pelas mulheres que se deparam com tal situação. O segundo eixo analítico aborda as distintas noções - unitárias ou plurais - (re)produzidas na audiência a respeito da(s) mulher(es), família(s) e (não) maternidade(s). Nesta seara, os atores favoráveis à ADPF defendem a descriminalização do aborto como um dos elementos necessários à promoção da justiça social, indissociável de um conjunto de políticas públicas integrais, equânimes e universais, ao passo que os atores contrários à ação tendem a manifestar expectativas, preconceitos, prescrições e interdições centrais a uma agenda de restauração moral exacerbada no atual cenário político brasileiro.

This thesis investigates the hegemonic discourses around the "abortion issue" in contemporary Brazil, based on the 50 exhibitions held at the public hearing on the Fundamental Precept Noncompliance Claim (ADPF) 442. This action, filed by the Socialism and Freedom Party in March 2017, proposes the decriminalization of abortion induced by the pregnant woman herself or with her consent, until the 12th. week of pregnancy. ADPF 442 triggered the convening, by the Supreme Court (STF), of the aforementioned public hearing, held in August 2018 and accompanied in person by the researcher. The objective of the research is to examine the current configuration of disputes around the "issue of abortion" in Brazil, from a socio-historical perspective. In the first part of the thesis, we reconstruct the dynamics of social reproduction and the reproductive policies (including, but not limited to, those related to abortion) in force from the colonial period to contemporary liberal democracy, through an extensive historiographical survey on the subject. In the second part of the thesis, we focus on the content of the exhibitions held at the public hearing, using the method of document analysis. The empirical material of the research consists of the audiovisual record and the transcript of the exhibitions - both made available by the STF. Among the 50 expositions, 33 were in favor of ADPF, and 17 were against it, with a significant variation in the distribution of these positions among the four identified fields of enunciation and argumentation, namely: health, law, religions and non-governmental organizations, institutes and associations. Throughout the analytical-interpretative process, we seeked to apprehend the senses and meanings (patent or hidden) of the speeches, in which the issue of abortion appears intertwined with issues related to the spheres of sexuality, contraception, motherhood, family, violence , moral values, rights, among others. We organized the results of the document analysis into two axes. In the first one, we discuss the different ways in which political actors on the scene frame their position on the decriminalization of abortion in terms of a battle for life and against death. While in the field favorable to ADPF this clash between death and life focuses on the concrete and unequal conditions under which different groups of women experience sexuality and reproduction, in the field contrary to ADPF the defense of the "inviolability of life from conception" takes place abstractly, as a self-evident, indisputable and universal truth, completely alien to the paths that lead to an unforeseen pregnancy and to the dilemmas faced by women who are faced with such a situation. The second analytical axis addresses the different notions - unitary or plural - (re)produced in the audience regarding women, family(ies) and (non)maternity(ies). In this field, the actors in favor of ADPF defend the decriminalization of abortion as one of the necessary elements to promote social justice, inseparable from a set of integral, equitable and universal public policies, while the actors opposed to the action tend to express expectations, prejudices, prescriptions and interdictions central to an agenda of moral restoration exacerbated in the current Brazilian political scenario.

Characterizing two models for abortion care in Argentina pre-Law 27.610: 2016-2019 / Utilización de dos modelos en la atención al aborto en Argentina pre-Ley 27.610: 2016-2019

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Explore the use of two abortion care models in Argentina over the period 2016-2019: pro-rights private medical service providers and abortion accompaniment (via self-management and via health institutions); and compare the profile of who accesses these models and when. METHODS We used data from accompaniment collectives in the Socorristas en Red and private service providers. We estimated annual abortion rates via these service models and compared the profile of the populations by type of service and gestational age (2019) using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. RESULTS In 2016, 37 people per 100,000 women of reproductive age obtained accompanied self-managed abortions, and the number increased to 111 per 100,000 in 2019, a threefold increase. The rate of abortions via care providers was 18 per 100,000 in 2016 and 33 in 2019. Higher proportions of those who obtained abortion via care providers were 30 years or older. A higher proportion of those accompanied were 19 years or younger; 11% of those who obtained accompanied self-managed abortions were more than 12 weeks gestation compared with 7% among those who had accompanied abortions via health institutions and 0.2% among those who had abortions with private providers. A higher proportion of those who accessed accompanied abortions after 12 weeks gestation had lower educational levels, did not work or have social security coverage, had more past pregnancies, and attempted to terminate their pregnancies prior to contacting the Socorristas compared to those who had accompanied abortions at 12 weeks or earlier. CONCLUSIONS In Argentina, prior to Law 27.610 models of care guaranteed access to safe abortion. It is important to continue making visible and legitimizing these models of care so that all those who decide to have an abortion, whether inside or outside health institutions, have safe and positive experiences.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Explorar la utilización de dos modelos para la atención al aborto en Argentina en el período 2016-2019: abortos con proveedores de servicios médicos privados proderechos y abortos acompañados (vía autogestión y vía instituciones de salud); y comparar el perfil de quiénes acceden a estos modelos y cuándo. MÉTODOS Utilizamos datos de sistematizaciones de colectivas de acompañamiento en Socorristas en Red y de proveedores de servicios privados. Estimamos tasas anuales de abortos mediante estos servicios y comparamos el perfil de las poblaciones por tipo de servicio y edad gestacional (2019) utilizando estadísticas descriptivas y prueba chi-cuadrado. RESULTADOS En el 2016, 37 personas por cada 100,000 mujeres en edad reproductiva obtuvieron abortos acompañados vía autogestión, aumentando a 111 por 100,000 en 2019, es decir, se triplicó. La tasa de abortos con proveedores fue de 18 por 100,000 en 2016 y de 33 en 2019. Mayor proporción de quienes acudieron con proveedores tenía 30 años o más y mayor proporción de personas acompañadas tenía 19 años o menos; el 11% de quienes obtuvieron abortos acompañados vía autogestión tenía más de 12 semanas de gestación en comparación con el 7% entre quienes tuvieron abortos acompañados vía instituciones de salud y el 0.2% entre quienes abortaron con proveedores. Una mayor proporción de quienes accedieron a abortos acompañados después de 12 semanas de gestación tenía menor nivel educativo, no trabajaban ni tenían cobertura de obra social, y habían tenido más embarazos e intentado interrumpir su embarazo comparando con quienes abortaron acompañadas a las 12 semanas o antes. CONCLUSIONES En Argentina existen modelos de atención que han garantizado el acceso a abortos seguros desde antes de la Ley 27.610. Es importante continuar visibilizando y legitimando estos modelos para que todas las personas que deciden abortar, dentro o fuera de instituciones de salud, tengan experiencias seguras y positivas.

Violência sexual e aborto legal: possibilidades e desafios da atuação psicológica / Sexual offence and legal abortion: opportunities and challenges from psychological working / Violencia sexual y aborto legal: posibilidades y desafíos de la atención psicológica

A violência sexual e o aborto legal são temas tabus em nossa sociedade. No campo da saúde, a(o) psicóloga(o) atua em fases distintas, seja na avaliação psicológica do pedido pelo aborto legal, que culminará ou não em sua aquiescência; seja no momento posterior à solicitação, no atendimento em enfermarias ou ambulatorial. Partindo de relato de experiência, este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre as possibilidades e desafios da atuação psicológica no atendimento em saúde para pessoas em situação de gestação decorrente de violência sexual e que buscam pelo aborto legal. Para tanto, dividimos o artigo em três momentos. No primeiro deles, será possível encontrar dados conceituais, estatísticos e históricos sobre ambos os temas, trazendo recortes nacionais e internacionais. No segundo, trazemos apontamentos sobre o que chamamos de "eixos norteadores", ou seja, dialogamos com aspectos fundamentais para o trabalho nesta seara, sendo eles gênero, família, sexualidade e trauma. Por fim, no terceiro, aprofundamos a reflexão sobre o atendimento psicológico atrelado aos conceitos já discutidos, analisando de forma crítica principalmente um dos pontos mais espinhosos da atuação: a avaliação para aprovação (ou recusa) do pedido pelo aborto. Apoiamo-nos no referencial psicanalítico e defendemos que esta atuação psicológica é primordialmente uma oferta de cuidado, comprometido com as demandas das pessoas atendidas e com a promoção de saúde mental, e consideramos que o papel da psicologia é essencial para o reconhecimento do sofrimento e dos efeitos do abandono socioinstitucional na vida do público atendido.(AU)

Sexual abuse and legal abortion are taboo subjects in our society. On the health area, the psychologist works on different fields, such as psychological evaluation from the request of legal abortion, that will end or not on its approval, and also in a further moment, either the care on wards or ambulatorial treatment. Relying on a case report, this article aims to contemplate the possibilities and challenges from psychological work on healthcare to pregnant women from sexual violence and seek legal abortion. For this purpose, we divide this article in three moments. On the first, it will find definitions, statistics, and historical data about both issues, including national and international information. On the second, we bring notes called 'guiding pillar,' that is, we interact with fundamental aspects from this area, such as gender, family, sexuality, and trauma. On the third one, in-depth discussions we dwell on psychological care tied to the concepts previously addressed, critically analyzing one of the hardest moments of working in this area: the evaluation to approve (or refuse) the request for abortion. We lean over psychoanalytic thoughts and argue that this psychological work is primarily an offer of care, committed to the needs from those who seek us and to promoting good mental health and, also, we consider that psychology is essential to acknowledge the suffering and the effects of social and institutional neglect on the lives of the people seen.(AU)

La violencia sexual y el aborto son temas tabús en nuestra sociedad. En el campo de la salud, el(la) psicólogo(a) actúa en diferentes fases: en la evaluación psicológica de la solicitud del aborto legal, que culminará o no en su obtención, y/o en el momento posterior a la solicitud en la atención en enfermería o ambulatorio. Desde un reporte de experiencia, este artículo pretende reflexionar sobre las posibilidades y los desafíos de la Psicología en la atención en salud para personas en estado de embarazo producto de violencia sexual y que buscan un aborto legal. Para ello, este artículo está dividido en tres momentos. En el primer, presenta datos conceptuales, estadísticos e históricos sobre los dos temas, trayendo recortes nacionales e internacionales. En el segundo, comenta los llamados "ejes temáticos", es decir, se establece un diálogo con aspectos fundamentales para el trabajo en este ámbito, como género, familia, sexualidad y trauma. Por último, en el tercer, profundiza en la reflexión sobre la atención psicológica asociada a los conceptos discutidos, analizando de forma crítica uno de los puntos más espinosos de la actuación: la evaluación para la aprobación (o negativa) de la solicitud de aborto. Se utilizó el referencial psicoanalítico y se argumenta que esta atención psicológica es sobre todo una forma de cuidado, comprometida con las demandas de las personas atendidas y la promoción de la salud mental, y el papel de la Psicología es esencial para reconocer el sufrimiento y los efectos del abandono socioinstitucional en la vida del público atendido.(AU)

Conocimientos y actitudes sobre interrupción voluntaria del embarazo en estudiantes de una Universidad de Cartagena (Colombia) / Knowledge and attitudes regarding interruption of pregnancy in students of a University in Cartagena (Colombia)

Introducción: La interrupción voluntaria del embarazo es un asunto político que polariza las opiniones y genera controversias entre el sector salud, social, económico y cultural. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimiento y actitudes sobre la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo en estudiantes de dos programas de Ciencias de la Salud de Cartagena. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, se aplicó el cuestionario adaptado por Marceliano y Medrano a 231 estudiantes de Enfermería y Medicina, los datos se analizaron obteniendo frecuencias relativas y absolutas. Resultados: El nivel de conocimiento de los estudiantes fue alto con 92,20% (213). Sin embargo, el 37,2% (86) no sabía cuáles eran las tres causales para que el aborto no se considere un delito. El 56,7% asume actitudes negativas hacia firmar una petición para legalizar el aborto y el 18,8% considera que si una mujer se realiza un aborto debe ir a la cárcel. Conclusión: El nivel de conocimiento de los estudiantes de medicina y enfermería es alto, sin embargo, los patrones muestran desconocimiento sobre las causales de legalización del aborto de acuerdo con la norma vigente y una variabilidad de actitudes positivas y negativas ante la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo.

Introduction: Voluntary interruption of pregnancy is a political issue that polarizes opinions and generates controversy within the health, social, economic, and cultural sectors. Objective: To determine the level of knowledge and attitudes regarding voluntary interruption of pregnancy in university students from two Health Sciences programs of Cartagena. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study; the questionnaire adapted by Marceliano and Medrano was given to 231 students within the Nursing and Medical programs; the data was analyzed through relative and absolute frequencies. Results: The level of knowledge of the students was high with a 92.20% (213). Yet, a 37.2% (86) did not know the three reasons why abortion is not considered a crime. 56.7% have negative attitudes regarding signing a petition to legalize abortion and an 18.8% believe that a woman who has an abortion should go to jail. Conclusion: The level of knowledge in medical and nursing students is high, yet the patterns show lack of knowledge of the reasons for legalization of abortion according to the current laws and a variety of positive and negative attitudes regarding the voluntary interruption of pregnancy.

Travel as a barrier to abortion provided by law access. Brazil, 2010-2019 / Deslocamento intermunicipal como barreira de acesso ao aborto previsto em lei. Brasil, 2010-2019

Abstract Objectives: to analyze abortions provided by law (APL) carried out in Brazil between 2010 and 2019 regarding the need for travel of users, as well as the expenditure of time and money on these trips. Methods: descriptive study of records of outpatient care and hospitalizations for APL between 2010 and 2019. The municipal provision and the inter-municipal flows for the realization of the APL, the availability of public transportation for this travel, as well as its cost and time, were identified. Results: 2.6% of Brazilian municipalities had a sustained provision of APL between 2010 and 2019. Of the 15,889 APL performed, 14.8% occurred in municipalities other than those where the user lived. The smaller the population size of the municipality of residence, the higher the percentage of the need for travel. Of these inter-municipal trips, 16.0% had regular round-trip links by public transport. The total travel time ranged from 26 minutes to 4 and a half days, and the cost from R$2.70 to R$1,218.06; the highest medians were among residents of the Midwest region. Conclusions: the concentration of services, the deficiency of inter-municipal public transport, and the expenditure on travel to access the APL are barriers to users that need the health service, demanding public policies to overcome them.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar as restrições aos abortos previstos em lei (APL) realizados no Brasil entre 2010 e 2019 quanto à necessidade de deslocamento das usuárias, bem como quanto ao dispêndio de tempo e dinheiro nessas viagens. Métodos: estudo descritivo dos registros de atendimentos ambulatoriais e internações para APL entre 2010 e 2019. Foram identificados a oferta municipal e os fluxos intermunicipais para realização dos APL, a disponibilidade de transporte coletivo para esse deslocamento, bem como seu custo e tempo. Resultados: 2,6% dos municípios brasileiros tiveram oferta sustentada de APL entre 2010 e 2019. Dos 15.889 APL realizados, 14,8% se deram em municípios diferentes daqueles de residência da usuária. Quanto menor o porte populacional do município de residência, maior o percentual com necessidade de viajar. Desses deslocamentos intermunicipais, 16,0% tinham ligações regulares de ida e retorno em transporte público. O tempo de viagem total variou de 26 minutos a quatro dias e meio, e o custo de R$ 2,70 a R$ 1.218,06; as maiores medianas estiveram entre as residentes da região Centro-Oeste. Conclusões: a concentração de serviços, a deficiência de transporte público intermunicipal, bem como o dispêndio com a viagem para acesso ao APL são barreiras às usuárias que precisam do serviço de saúde, demandando políticas públicas para sua superação.